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Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain (), Marshal Pétain (''Maréchal Pétain'') or The Lion of Verdun, was a French general who reached the distinction of Marshal of France, and was later Chief of State of Vichy France ''(Chef de l'État Français)'', from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state.
Because of his outstanding military leadership in World War I, particularly during the Battle of Verdun, he was viewed as a national hero in France. During World War II, with the imminent fall of France in June 1940, Pétain was appointed Premier of France by President Lebrun at Bordeaux, and the Cabinet resolved to make peace with Germany. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the spa town of Vichy in central France. His government voted to transform the discredited French Third Republic into the French State, an authoritarian regime. After the war, he was tried and convicted for treason.
==Early life==
Pétain was born in Cauchy-à-la-Tour (in the Pas-de-Calais ''département'' in Northern France) in 1856. His father, Omer-Venant, was a farmer. His great-uncle, a Catholic priest, Father Abbe Lefebvre, had served in Napoleon's ''Grande Armée'' and told the young Pétain tales of war and adventure of his campaigns from the peninsulas of Italy to the Alps in Switzerland. Highly impressed by the tales told by his uncle, his destiny was from then on determined. Pétain joined the French Army in 1876 and attended the St Cyr Military Academy in 1887 and the École Supérieure de Guerre (army war college) in Paris. Between 1878 and 1899 he served in various garrisons with different battalions of the ''Chasseurs à pied'' - the elite light infantry of the French Army. Thereafter he alternated between staff and regimental assignments. Pétain's career progressed very slowly, as he rejected the French Army philosophy of the furious infantry assault, arguing instead that "firepower kills." His views were later proved to be correct during the First World War. He was promoted to captain in 1890 and major (Chef de Bataillon) in 1900. Unlike many French officers, he served mainly in mainland France, never French Indochina or any of the African colonies, although he participated in the Rif campaign in Morocco. As colonel, he commanded the 33rd Infantry Regiment at Arras from 1911; the young lieutenant Charles de Gaulle, who served under him, later wrote that his "first colonel, Pétain, taught (him) the Art of Command." In the spring of 1914 he was given command of a brigade (still with the rank of colonel). However aged 58 and having been told he would never become a general, Pétain had bought a villa for retirement.
Pétain was a bachelor until his sixties, and famous for his womanising. Women were said to find his piercing blue eyes especially attractive. At the opening of the Battle of Verdun, he is said to have been fetched during the night from a Paris hotel by a staff officer who knew which mistress he could be found with.〔Verdun 1916, by Malcolm Brown, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, p. 86.〕 After the war Pétain married an old lover, "a particularly beautiful woman",〔Williams, Charles, ''Pétain'', London, 2005, p.206, ISBN 978-0-316-86127-4〕 Mme. Eugénie Hardon (1877–1962), on 14 September 1920. Hardon had been divorced from François de Hérain in 1914. Although the couple were too old to have children, she already had a son, Pierre de Hérain, from her first marriage. They were to remain married until the end of Pétain's life.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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